Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your work. A direct quotation is defined as, reproducing word for word material directly quoted from another author's work.
Enclose the quotation in double quotation marks
Place a period after the in-text citation at the end of the quotation
In-text citation includes the Author, Year of Publication and Page number
"Primary care is one area marked for improvement" (Purtilo, 1995, p. 111).
Display in a free-standing block.
Omit the quotations marks
Start a block quotation on a new line
Indent the block quote about one half inch from the left margin
Double space the entire quote
Period comes before the in-text citation at the end of the quotation
American Psychological Association. (2020). Quotations. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations
Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your work. An indirect quotation (paraphrase) is when you express an idea or concept from another author’s work in your own words. Using an indirect quote involves taking information from the original source and paraphrasing or putting it into your own words.
Does not require double quotation marks.
In-text citation includes Author and Year of Publication.
Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public's perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
American Psychological Association. (2020). Paraphrasing. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/paraphrasing
Common knowledge refers to information you can reasonably expect the general public to know such as widespread facts, dates or historical events. Common knowledge does not need to be cited; however, a good practice is to speak with your instructor or librarian when you are unsure if information is common knowledge.
There are four seasons in the year.
There 365 days in a year.
A personal communication may be a private letter, memos, some electronic communications (e.g., email or messages from non-archived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards, personal interviews, telephone conversations and the like. Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list.
You may wish to cite material provided by your instructor, guest speakers, or other classroom material such as lecture notes or PowerPoint presentations. If the material is posted somewhere online, cite the resource directly. If the material is only available from the instructor or presenter, treat the resource as a personal communication.
Classroom notes should be treated as a personal communication, as they are non-retrievable.
Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as an exact a date as possible.
(K. L. Brennan, personal communication, July 2, 2010).
American Psychological Association. (2020). Personal communications. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/personal-communications
APA recommends avoiding secondary sources; however, if it is not possible to find the original work, use the secondary source.
Roberts, M., Jones, R. L., & Munroe, N. (2014). Children and cognition and the development of language. Psychological Reports, 19(7), 412-419.
In Warkinton’s study, (as cited in Roberts, Jones & Munroe, 2014), children’s cognitive growth and development ...
OR
Roberts, Jones & Munroe (2014) examined Warkinton’s study on children’s cognitive growth and development.
In the example, acknowledge the original work in the text (Warkinton’s study). Provide a citation for the secondary source by Roberts, Jones & Munroe (the source you have in hand) in the reference list.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Secondary sources. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/secondary-sources
